For many years, stomach ulcers were thought to be caused by stress or spicy food. But science later revealed a surprising truth — the main culprit behind most ulcers is actually a bacterium known as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
This tiny spiral-shaped germ infects the lining of the stomach and small intestine, leading to inflammation, sores, and discomfort that can last for months or years if left untreated.
🔬 What Is Helicobacter pylori?
H. pylori is a type of bacteria that lives in the digestive tract and thrives in the acidic environment of the stomach. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it infects about half of the world’s population, though most people never experience symptoms.
However, in some cases, the bacteria weaken the protective mucus layer of the stomach, allowing acid to damage the underlying tissue — resulting in peptic ulcers.
⚠️ Common Symptoms of Bacterial Ulcers
When H. pylori causes an ulcer, symptoms may include:
- A burning or aching pain in the stomach (especially between meals or at night)
- Bloating or fullness after eating small amounts
- Nausea or vomiting
- Loss of appetite or unintended weight loss
- In severe cases, vomiting blood or dark, tarry stools (a sign of internal bleeding)
If these symptoms persist, it’s crucial to see a healthcare professional. Untreated ulcers can lead to serious complications such as internal bleeding or stomach perforation.
🧫 How the Infection Spreads
Researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) explain that H. pylori spreads mainly through:
- Saliva or contact with contaminated food or water
- Close contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils
- Poor hygiene or sanitation conditions
Because the bacteria can live in the mouth and stomach, maintaining good hygiene practices — like washing hands before meals — can reduce the risk of infection.
💊 Treatment: Eradicating the Bacteria
The good news is that bacterial ulcers are treatable and curable. The standard approach, recommended by the Mayo Clinic, is called triple therapy or quadruple therapy, which includes:
- Two antibiotics – to kill the H. pylori bacteria
- A proton pump inhibitor (PPI) – to reduce stomach acid and help healing
- (Sometimes) Bismuth subsalicylate – to protect the stomach lining
Treatment usually lasts 10–14 days, and completing the full course of medication is essential to prevent the bacteria from returning or becoming resistant.
🥗 Healing and Prevention Tips
While medication targets the bacteria, lifestyle changes can help protect and heal your stomach:
- Avoid NSAIDs like ibuprofen unless prescribed
- Limit spicy, acidic, and fried foods
- Eat smaller, balanced meals
- Stop smoking and reduce alcohol intake
- Practice good hygiene to avoid reinfection
Foods rich in antioxidants, fiber, and probiotics (like yogurt or fermented foods) may also support gut health during recovery.
❤️ Bottom Line
Most ulcers are no longer a mystery — they’re a bacterial infection, not just a result of stress or diet. Understanding H. pylori has transformed ulcer treatment, saving millions of lives worldwide.
With proper diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, and healthy habits, ulcers caused by bacteria can heal completely, allowing the stomach to restore its natural balance and function.